Transparent Data Encryption for the Workflow Manager workspace in Oracle

Available with Workflow Manager license.

You can take several precautions to help secure the database, such as designing a secure system, encrypting confidential assets, and building a firewall around the database servers. However, in a scenario where the physical media (such as drives or backup tapes) are stolen, a malicious party can restore or attach the database and browse the data. One solution is to encrypt the sensitive data in the database and protect the keys used to encrypt the data with a certificate. This prevents anyone without the keys from using the data, but this kind of protection must be planned in advance.

Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) enables you to encrypt sensitive data, such as credit card numbers, stored in tables and tablespaces. Encrypted data is transparently decrypted for a database user or application that has access to data. TDE helps protect data stored on media in the event that the storage media or data file is stolen. Oracle uses authentication, authorization, and auditing mechanisms to secure data in the database but not in the operating system data files where data is stored. To protect these data files, Oracle provides TDE. TDE encrypts sensitive data stored in data files. To prevent unauthorized decryption, TDE stores the encryption keys in a security module external to the database.

With Oracle, new tablespaces can be defined as encrypted. Defining a tablespace as encrypted means the physical data files created on the operating system will be encrypted. Any tables, indexes, and other objects defined in the new tablespace will be encrypted by default, with no additional storage space requirements. Data is automatically encrypted when it is written to disk and automatically decrypted when accessed by the application.

Benefits of using TDE:

• As a security administrator, you can be sure that sensitive data is safe in case the storage media or data file is stolen.
• Implementing TDE helps you address security-related regulatory compliance issues.
• You do not need to create triggers or views to decrypt data for the authorized user or application. Data from tables is transparently decrypted for the database user and application.
• Database users and applications need not be aware that the data they are accessing is stored in encrypted form. Data is transparently decrypted for the database users and applications.
• Applications need not be modified to handle encrypted data. Data encryption and decryption are managed by the database.
• Key management operations are automated. The user or application does not need to manage encryption keys.

See Oracle documentation for more information on configuring TDE tablespace encryption.

To use TDE, follow one of these methods.

Oracle 12c

See Oracle documentation for more information on configuring TDE tablespace encryption.

Configuring TDE manually

The following steps show how to manually configure TDE.

Note:

Copying and pasting the examples may cause syntax errors.

1. Create the keystore directory.

   mkdir $ORACLE_HOME/admin/$ORACLE_SID/wallet
   

2. Modify the SQLNET.ORA file if you want to manage the encryption wallet.

   The default encryption wallet location is $ORACLE_BASE/admin/<global_db_name>/wallet. If you want to let Oracle manage a wallet in the default location, then you don't need to set the ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION parameter in sqlnet.ora.

   For Windows

   ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION=
    (SOURCE=
     (METHOD=FILE)
      (METHOD_DATA=
       (DIRECTORY=C:/oracle/admin/%ORACLE_SID%/wallet/)))
   

   For Linux

   ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION=
    (SOURCE=
     (METHOD=FILE)
      (METHOD_DATA=
       (DIRECTORY=/app/oracle/admin/$ORACLE_SID/wallet/)))
   

3. Check the COMPATIBLE initialization parameter for the correct version number. It should be 12.x.

   Note:

   Use SQL*Plus, do not use Oracle SQL Developer.

   ORA> sqlplus /nolog
   SQL> connect /as sysdba
   Connected.
   SQL> select instance_name,status,database_status from v$instance;
   INSTANCE_NAME    STATUS       DATABASE_STATUS
   ---------------- ------------ -----------------
   mcs1              OPEN         ACTIVE
   
   SQL> show parameter compatible
   NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
   ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
   compatible                           string      12.1.0.0.0
   

4. Create the keystore.

   ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT CREATE KEYSTORE 'C:\oracle\admin\mcs1\wallet' IDENTIFIED BY "mcs1$admin";
   
   --the ewallet.p12 file, which contains the keystore, appears in the keystore location.
   

5. Open/Close the password-based keystore.

   ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT SET KEYSTORE OPEN IDENTIFIED BY "mcs1$admin" CONTAINER=ALL;
   ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT SET KEYSTORE CLOSE IDENTIFIED BY "mcs1$admin" CONTAINER=ALL;
   
   -- check the status
   SELECT WRL_PARAMETER,STATUS,WALLET_TYPE FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET;
   

6. Create the master encryption key.

   Create master key to CDB and all PDBs.

   ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT SET KEY IDENTIFIED BY "mcs1$admin" WITH BACKUP USING 'masterkey_all_bkp' CONTAINER=ALL;
   SELECT KEY_ID,KEYSTORE_TYPE,CREATOR,CREATOR_INSTANCE_NAME,CREATOR_PDBNAME FROM V$ENCRYPTION_KEYS;
   

   Export the master key.

   ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT EXPORT ENCRYPTION KEYS WITH SECRET "mcs1.exp$admin" TO 'C:\oracle\admin\mcs1\wallet\masterkey_cdb_exp.bkp' IDENTIFIED BY "mcs1$admin";
   

7. Create the master encryption key.

   Create master key to CDB and all PDBs.

   ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT SET KEY IDENTIFIED BY "mcs1$admin" WITH BACKUP USING 'masterkey_all_bkp' CONTAINER=ALL;
   SELECT KEY_ID,KEYSTORE_TYPE,CREATOR,CREATOR_INSTANCE_NAME,CREATOR_PDBNAME FROM V$ENCRYPTION_KEYS;
   

   Export the master key.

   ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT EXPORT ENCRYPTION KEYS WITH SECRET "mcs1.exp$admin" TO 'C:\oracle\admin\mcs1\wallet\masterkey_cdb_exp.bkp' IDENTIFIED BY "mcs1$admin";
   

8. Optionally create the master key for the current container. You can skip this step if you completed step 7.

   Container Database (CDB):

   ALTER SESSION SET CONTAINER = CDB$ROOT;
   SHOW CON_NAME
   SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV', 'CON_NAME') FROM dual;
   ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT SET KEY IDENTIFIED BY "mcs1$admin" WITH BACKUP USING 'masterkey_cdb_backup' CONTAINER=CURRENT;
   SELECT KEY_ID,KEYSTORE_TYPE,CREATOR,CREATOR_INSTANCE_NAME,CREATOR_PDBNAME FROM V$ENCRYPTION_KEYS;
   --export master key
   ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT EXPORT ENCRYPTION KEYS WITH SECRET "mcs1.exp$admin" TO 'C:\oracle\admin\mcs1\wallet\masterkey_cdb_exp.bkp' IDENTIFIED BY "mcs1$admin";
   

   Pluggable Database (PDB): wmxpdb

   ALTER SESSION SET CONTAINER = wmxpdb;
   SHOW CON_NAME
   SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV', 'CON_NAME') FROM dual;
   ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT SET KEY IDENTIFIED BY "mcs1$admin" WITH BACKUP USING 'masterkey_wmxpdb_backup' CONTAINER=CURRENT;
   SELECT KEY_ID,KEYSTORE_TYPE,CREATOR,CREATOR_INSTANCE_NAME,CREATOR_PDBNAME FROM V$ENCRYPTION_KEYS;
   --export master key
   ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT EXPORT ENCRYPTION KEYS WITH SECRET "mcs1.exp$admin" TO 'C:\oracle\admin\mcs1\wallet\masterkey_wmxpdb_exp.bkp' IDENTIFIED BY "mcs1$admin";
   

   Check status

   SELECT * FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET;
   SELECT * FROM V$ENCRYPTION_KEYS;
   SELECT WRL_PARAMETER,STATUS,WALLET_TYPE FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET;
   SELECT KEY_ID,KEYSTORE_TYPE,CREATOR,CREATOR_INSTANCE_NAME,CREATOR_PDBNAME FROM V$ENCRYPTION_KEYS;
   

9. Set the Local Auto Login keystore.

   ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT CREATE AUTO_LOGIN KEYSTORE FROM KEYSTORE 'C:\oracle\admin\mcs1\wallet' IDENTIFIED BY "mcs1$admin";
   
   SELECT WRL_PARAMETER,STATUS,WALLET_TYPE FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET;
   
   --the cwallet.sso file appears in the keystore location. The ewallet.p12 file is the password-based wallet.
   --Note:
   --Do not remove the PKCS#12 wallet (ewallet.p12 file) after you create the auto login keystore (.sso file). 
   --You must have the PKCS#12 wallet to regenerate or rekey the TDE master encryption key in the future. 
   --By default, this file is located in the $ORACLE_HOME/admin/ORACLE_SID/wallet directory.
   

10. Open/Close the auto-login keystore.

    ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT SET KEYSTORE OPEN CONTAINER=ALL;
    ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT SET KEYSTORE CLOSE CONTAINER=ALL;
    
    -- check the status
    SELECT WRL_PARAMETER,STATUS,WALLET_TYPE FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET;
    

    Tip:

    To close it, you can use the following statement.

    ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT SET KEYSTORE CLOSE IDENTIFIED BY "mcs1$admin" CONTAINER=ALL;
    

11. It’s recommended that you verify the status of TDE configuration using the following SQL statements.

    SELECT * FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET;
    
    SELECT * FROM V$ENCRYPTION_KEYS;
    
    SELECT WRL_PARAMETER,STATUS,WALLET_TYPE FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET;
    SELECT KEY_ID,KEYSTORE_TYPE FROM V$ENCRYPTION_KEYS;
    
    SELECT KEY_ID FROM V$ENCRYPTION_KEYS;
    SELECT KEYSTORE_TYPE FROM V$ENCRYPTION_KEYS;
    
    SELECT WRL_PARAMETER FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET;
    SELECT STATUS FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET;
    
    SELECT * FROM V$ENCRYPTED_TABLESPACES;
    SELECT TABLESPACE_NAME, ENCRYPTED FROM DBA_TABLESPACES;
    SELECT * FROM DBA_ENCRYPTED_COLUMNS;
    

Oracle 11.2

See Oracle documentation for more information on configuring TDE tablespace encryption.

To use TDE, follow one of these methods.

Configuring TDE Oracle Enterprise Manager

The following steps show how to configure TDE using Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM).

Note:

Copying and pasting the examples may cause syntax errors.

1. Create the wallet folder.

   mkdir C:\oracle\admin\wallets
   
   OEM > login as sys / sysdba
   
   OEM > Server > Transparent Data Encryption
   
   Advanced Options > Change Location
   
   	Host Credentials
   	Username: <DOMAIN>\dbs_ora
   	Password: xxxxxxx
   
   	Configuration Method: File System
   	
   	Encryption Wallet Directory: C:\oracle\admin\wallets
   
   	OK
   
   Create Wallet > Local Auto-Open Wallet > Create
   
   	Host Credentials
   	Username: <DOMAIN>\dbs_ora
   	Password: xxxxxxx
   
   	Wallet Password:  walletadmin
   
   	Continue
   

2. Back up the wallet folder.

   cd C:\oracle\admin
   
   zip -r wallets wallets
   

Configuring TDE manually

The following steps show how to manually configure TDE.

Note:

Copying and pasting the examples may cause syntax errors.

1. From the command window, create the wallet folder.

   mkdir C:\oracle\admin\wallets
   

2. Add the wallet location to the sqlnet.ora file.

   ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION =
     (SOURCE =
       (METHOD = FILE)
       (METHOD_DATA =
         (DIRECTORY = C:\oracle\admin\wallets\$ORACLE_SID)
   

   Note:

   The default encryption wallet location is $ORACLE_BASE/admin/<global_db_name>/wallet. If you want to allow Oracle to manage a wallet in the default location, there is no need to set the ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION parameter in the sqlnet.ora file.

3. Using Oracle SQL*Plus or Oracle SQL Developer, generate a master key.

   alter system set encryption key identified by "walletadmin";
   

4. Using Oracle SQL*Plus or Oracle SQL Developer, verify the status of the wallet.

   select * from "v$encryption_wallet";
   

5. From the command window, set the wallet to auto login.

   set ORACLE_SID=prodlibdb
   
   orapki wallet create -wallet C:\oracle\admin\wallets -auto_login -pwd walletadmin
   

6. From the command window, back up the wallet folder.

   cd C:\oracle\admin
   
   zip -r wallets wallets
   

Configuring TDE manually

The following steps show how to manually configure TDE.

Note:

Copying and pasting the examples may cause syntax errors.

1. From the command window, create the wallet folder.

   mkdir C:\oracle\admin\wallets
   

2. Add the wallet location to the sqlnet.ora file.

   ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION =
     (SOURCE =
       (METHOD = FILE)
       (METHOD_DATA =
         (DIRECTORY = C:\oracle\admin\wallets\$ORACLE_SID)
   

   Note:

   The default encryption wallet location is $ORACLE_BASE/admin/<global_db_name>/wallet. If you want to allow Oracle to manage a wallet in the default location, there is no need to set the ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION parameter in the sqlnet.ora file.

3. Using Oracle SQL*Plus or Oracle SQL Developer, generate a master key.

   alter system set encryption key identified by "walletadmin";
   

4. Using Oracle SQL*Plus or Oracle SQL Developer, verify the status of the wallet.

   select * from "v$encryption_wallet";
   

5. From the command window, set the wallet to auto login.

   set ORACLE_SID=wmxdb
   
   orapki wallet create -wallet C:\oracle\admin\wallets -auto_login -pwd walletadmin
   

6. From the command window, back up the wallet folder.

   cd C:\oracle\admin
   
   zip -r wallets wallets
   

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