Data references used in map documents, globes, and 3D scenes are stored as map layer properties. Most layers reference data stored in geodatabases or as files on diskāfor example, shapefiles, coverages, CAD files, imagery, and so on. Each data reference is a path, and there are a number of alternatives to store that path.
Each time you add data to a map, the path to the data is stored in a layer in the map. When you open your map, ArcMap locates the data it needs using these stored paths. You can view the path of the data represented by a layer in your map by looking at the List by Source view of the Table of Contents or by double-clicking the layer to open the Layer Properties dialog box, then clicking on the Source tab.
If ArcMap can't find the data for a particular layer, the layer will appear in the ArcMap table of contents, but it won't be drawn. Instead, a red exclamation point will appear next to the layer to indicate that the layer needs to be repaired.
Learn more about repairing broken data links
Options for paths
There are several options for referencing datasets using paths. These include:
Full paths
An example of a full path is:
C:\GIS\Project1\Boundary.shp
To share maps saved with full paths to their data sources, your users must have access to the same computer (or replicate your folder structure on their computer).
Relative paths
Relative paths specify the location of the data relative to the current location on disk of the referenced file. An example of a relative path is:
\Project1\Boundary.shp
You can reference data in a folder that's above the folder containing the map. In these cases, the relative path will contain \..\ for each level up in the folder structure to be traversed.
Since relative paths don't contain drive names, they enable a layer and its associated data to be moved to any disk drive without having to repair the layer's data links in your map documents.
UNC paths
Universal Naming Convention (UNC) paths use a syntax for paths and files on a network of computers. The syntax is:
\\<computer name>\<shared folder>\
followed by any number of directories and terminated with the referenced directory or file name. For example:
\\pondermatic\public\studyarea.gdb
\\billywood\public\streets.lyr
\\omnipotent\shared_stuff\wednesday\tools
Specifying the format of paths
You can view (as well as specify) how path references will be persisted in your documents using the Map Document Properties dialog box as follows:
- Click File > Map Document Properties on the main menu.
- Check Store relative pathnames to data sources to specify relative paths.
Once you've saved the layer file, you can't change the data source options from absolute to relative or vice versa. The layer will always maintain the data source option that was set for the map document at the time you saved the layer.