ArcMap

Calculate Distance Band from Neighbor Count

Summary

Returns the minimum, the maximum, and the average distance to the specified Nth nearest neighbor (N is an input parameter) for a set of features. Results are written as tool execution messages.

Illustration

Calculate Distance Band from Neighbor Count illustration

Usage

  • Given a set of features, this tool returns three numbers: the minimum, the maximum, and the average distance to a specified number of neighbors (N). Example: if you specify 8 for the Neighbors parameter, this tool creates a list of distances between every feature and its 8th nearest neighbor; from this list of distances it then calculates the minimum, maximum, and average distance.

    • The maximum value is the distance you would have to travel away from each feature to ensure every feature has at least N neighbors.
    • The minimum value is the distance you would travel away from each feature to ensure that at least one feature has N neighbors.
    • The average value is the average distance you would travel away from each feature to find its N nearest neighbors.

  • The output from this tool is written as messages to the Results window. Right-click on the Messages entry and select View to see results in a Message dialog box.

    Tool output is accessible from the Results window

  • Some tools, such as Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) and Spatial Autocorrelation (Global Moran's I), allow you to specify a neighborhood Distance Band or Threshold Distance value. By using the Maximum Distance output value from this tool for the Distance Band or Threshold Distance parameter, you ensure every feature in the input feature class has at least N neighbors.

  • This tool provides one strategy for determining a Distance Band or Threshold Distance value to use with tools in the Spatial Statistics Toolbox such as Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) or Cluster and Outlier Analysis (Local Moran's I). See Selecting a Fixed Distance for additional strategies.

  • The distances returned by this tool are in the units of the geoprocessing environment Output Coordinate System.

  • When the Input Feature Class is not projected (that is, when coordinates are given in degrees, minutes, and seconds) or when the output coordinate system is set to a Geographic Coordinate System, distances are computed using chordal measurements. Chordal distance measurements are used because they can be computed quickly and provide very good estimates of true geodesic distances, at least for points within about thirty degrees of each other. Chordal distances are based on an oblate spheroid. Given any two points on the earth's surface, the chordal distance between them is the length of a line, passing through the three-dimensional earth, to connect those two points. Chordal distances are reported in meters.

  • For line and polygon features, feature centroids are used in distance computations. For multipoints, polylines, or polygons with multiple parts, the centroid is computed using the weighted mean center of all feature parts. The weighting for point features is 1, for line features is length, and for polygon features is area.

Syntax

CalculateDistanceBand(Input_Features, Neighbors, Distance_Method)
ParameterExplanationData Type
Input_Features

The feature class or layer used to calculate distance statistics.

Feature Layer
Neighbors

The number of neighbors (N) to consider for each feature. This number should be any integer between one and the total number of features in the feature class. A list of distances between each feature and its Nth neighbor is compiled, and the maximum, minimum, and average distances are output to the Results window.

Long
Distance_Method

Specifies how distances are calculated from each feature to neighboring features.

  • EUCLIDEAN_DISTANCE —The straight-line distance between two points (as the crow flies)
  • MANHATTAN_DISTANCE —The distance between two points measured along axes at right angles (city block); calculated by summing the (absolute) difference between the x- and y-coordinates
String

Derived Output

NameExplanationData Type
Minimum_Distance

The minimum N neighbor distance.

Double
Average_Distance

The average N neighbor distance.

Double
Maximum_Distance

The maximum N neighbor distance.

Double

Code sample

CalculateDistanceBand example 1 (Python window)

The following Python Window script demonstrates how to use the CalculateDistanceBand tool.

import arcpy
arcpy.env.workspace = "c:/data"
mindist, avgdist, maxdist = arcpy.CalculateDistanceBand_stats("Blocks", 10, "EUCLIDEAN_DISTANCE")
CalculateDistanceBand example 2 (stand-alone script)

The following stand-alone Python script demonstrates how to use the CalculateDistanceBand tool.

# import module
import arcpy

# Set geoprocessing environment Workspace
arcpy.env.workspace = "c:/data"

# Set variables 
infc = "Blocks"
field = "POP2000"
outfc = "PopHotSpots"
neighbors = 10
 
# Run the CalculateDistanceBand tool to get a distance for use with the Hot Spot tool from the tool result object
mindist, avgdist, maxdist = arcpy.CalculateDistanceBand_stats(infc, neighbors, "EUCLIDEAN_DISTANCE")
 
# Run the Hot Spot Analysis tool, using the maxdist output from the Calculate Distance Band tool as an input
arcpy.HotSpots_analysis(infc, field, outfc, "Fixed Distance Band", "EUCLIDEAN_DISTANCE", "None", maxdist)

Environments

Licensing information

  • Basic: Yes
  • Standard: Yes
  • Advanced: Yes

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