Geoprocessing is the methodical execution of a sequence of operations on geographic information. While geoprocessing is certainly used for spatial analysis, it can also be used for automating a wide range of mapping tasks—for example, to generate map books and multipage map atlases, to repair broken data links of all the map documents in a folder, and so on.
If you are new to the use of geoprocessing in ArcGIS, read and learn more at What is geoprocessing?
Learn more about using geoprocessing scripts for map document management and output once you have become familiar with geoprocessing.